Chris Kadlec began studying the effects of tropospheric lake inversion on FM radio reception in West Michigan in 2002 after noticing some peculiar and abnormal patterns. Over the months and years, the locations changed and the FM dial has changed formats, call letters, and even tower locations but the patterns always remained peculiar. Kadlec attempts to study a phenomenon that few others have actively looked into. Hawaiian DXer Sheldon Remington, who is known for receiving mainland stations via tropospheric ducts in the 1980s and 1990s at a distance exceeding 2,300 miles and as far as Manzanillo, Mexico, in excess of 3,400 miles to the southeast, is among the early few who have shown that ducting over water is a great way to receive radio stations. |
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Here's what he found:
Read the
full article:
Studies of cross-lake tropo reception in varying conditions |
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The study area |
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Lake breezes and their
effect on ducts and reception |
Patterns in reception and
lake-level ducts |
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Determining land-based
vs. water-based tropo |
Rising elevation and its
effect on stations |
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The unexplained distant
locals |
The varying height and
elevation of ducts over water |
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Communication
interference via lake inversion |
The net effect |
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Conclusion |
The science of intense
cross-lake openings |
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Lake and Land Breezes: The Power Behind
Lake Inversion Reception on Land |
The Lake
Breeze |
The Land
Breeze |
Due to the temperature
differences fueled by the often cooler water beside warmer land, lake
breezes can form during the daytime in the spring and summer seasons along
the lakeshore.
If it seems like radio stations are being blown onto land by the breezes
along the beach, you might not be imagining it. The lake breeze can be a
very important aspect to a lake inversion and can drastically change
reception patterns as the breeze starts up or dies down. |
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Enlarge Image |
Enlarge Image |
How a lake
inversion works
A duct with a vertical height of 50 feet will, in most cases, produce
signals only within a few miles of Lake Michigan barring any unforeseen
coastal conditions such as fog. A signal - whether radio, television, or
even cellphone - does not typically travel straight across the lake in a
duct. Since signals by nature refract off surfaces either toward the ground
or into space, a signal caught in a duct will in most cases bounce between
the top and the bottom of the duct endlessly until there is an opening in
the duct. |
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View Details |
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The superior mirage over Lake Michigan
While one may believe that seeing mirages is a rather rare occurence expected
only in the deserts, such an atmospheric phenomenon is actually rather common
over the Great Lakes. In his 1990 book "Rainbows, Halos, and Glories," Robert
Greenler described reports of a mirage in Grand Haven on April 26, 1977. Those
on the shore saw city lights as well as a flashing red beacon to the west. The
beacon was positively matched to the Milwaukee harbor entrance 88 miles to the
west. Ontario residents have reported sights of buildings, trees, highways, and
oncoming traffic just off shore along Lake Erie just as residents of Cleveland
have reported seeing the Ontario shore 50 miles to the north. Tourists visiting
the Bil-Mar Restaurant in Grand Haven in 2006 claimed to have seen the lights of
Racine along the beach in Holland, 87 miles away. Such conditions are produced
by temperature inversions, the same atmospheric condition that produces
cross-lake radio stations. Inversion layers can be seen by the naked eye on many
evenings along Lake Michigan toward sunset, where a distinct layer of air can be
seen just above the water's surface. On many days, the sun can be seen below the
horizon moments after it sets. Despite this, there has been no evidence to show
that the presence of mirages in any way enhances radio reception along the
shore.
Satellite Images Assisting in Duct Prediction |
On a day of significant lake inversion reception, a satellite photo confirms the
presence of lake-influenced ducts. Notice the lack of clouds along the lakes,
especially on the east shore of Lake Michigan. The following images were
of lake-effect tropo on August 1, 2007 16:15 EDT (NASA Marshall Space Flight
Center with edits by William Hepburn).
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An overview of the study area
The lake inversion study was conducted in West Michigans central coastal
region consisting of the cities of Grand Haven, Muskegon, Fremont, and Hart.
Logs were compiled over four years in multiple locations spanning from 25
miles inland to the sand dunes that line the Lake Michigan shore. The main
study location of the summer of 2006 was Grand Haven, a beachside tourist
town of about 13,000 directly across the lake from Milwaukee. Locations
included in the Grand Haven study ranged from parallel parking beside the
beach bordered by tall residentially-developed forested bluff to the
top of a sand dune used to monitor duct elevations and heights. Northern
stations were logged at the Silver Lake sand dunes near Mears and at Little
Sable Point, across from Sheboygan, Wisconsin. The study area was split into
four different regions to assist in understanding reception patterns. |
Enlarge Map |
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An overview of the terrain
(View Elevation
Profile Map)
Michigan, a state having been greatly affected by a glacial environment, is
full of small rolling hills called moraines. Such rolling hills play a great
role in the reception, although usually the lack of reception, of cross-lake
stations. Stations that cross the lake in low-lying ducts are prone to run
into even the smallest of hills and never to be heard again. However, the
region in which Muskegon, Grand Haven, and Fremont lie is nearly void of
such moraines due to the presence of the Grand River and Muskegon River.
This terrain, surrounded by small recessional moraines, allows for
unhampered inland reception in this region for up to 30 miles in some areas,
easily sending Chicagoland and Milwaukee stations inland to Fremont, where
elevation quickly rises and a moraine landscape takes over. |
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The Summer 2006
FM DX Log |
The 2006 FM DX Log: Download the full log (406 pages /
4.2 MB) |
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The 2006 FM DX Log is the final
product of four years of lake inversion research. This research was
concluded with a final summer season of cross-lake tropo based in the ideal
location of Grand Haven, Michigan, due east of Milwaukee on the beaches of
Lake Michigan. The log can be downloaded in full (above) or in
individual parts, as detailed below. The 2006 TV log, both E-Skip and
Tropo, is included in this document. Maps, graphics, and data are
included in the report, which makes up the initial 43 pages. This
43-page report is the largest collection of research on a lake inversion's
effect on communications. Assisted by past research, public
information, meteorologists, other radio hobbyists, and a car radio, this
unscientific report includes virtually all of the collected data of Chris
Kadlec's radio studies along the shores of the Great Lakes. |
The 2006 FM DX Log:
Download
the report (43 pages / 2.7 MB) |
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How to Use the Log |
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Lake Breeze Creates Lake
Inversion Ducts |
Local Condition Reports |
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The Lake Breeze Circulation |
Frequency Discrepancies |
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The Land Breeze Circulation |
Log Glossary |
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Looming and the superior mirage |
Studies of cross-lake tropo
reception in varying conditions |
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The Lake Breeze & Intense
Cross-Lake Radio Openings |
Lake Michigan Overview |
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Lake Water Temperatures
Assisting in Duct Prediction |
An Overview of the Fremont Site |
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Satellite Images Assisting in
Duct Prediction |
Fighting Lake Inversion
Interference |
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Lake Inversion Study Images |
Local and Lake Inversion Radio
Station Logos |
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West Michigan Regional Study
Area Map |
West Michigan Tropospheric Lake
Inversion Map 2005 |
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Grand Haven: Summer 2006 Lake
Inversion Study Area |
July 14, 2005 Cross-Lake
Reception Map |
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West Michigan Shoreline Lake
Inversion Index |
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The 2006 FM DX
Log: Download the FM DX data (318 pages /
1.2 MB) |
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FM Log: Organized by Time of
Reception |
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FM Log: Organized by Distance
of Reception |
FM Log: Organized by Frequency |
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FM Log: Unidentified Stations
or Multiple Matches |
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The 2006 FM DX
Log: Download the TV Es and Tr log (45 pages /
147 kb) |
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TV Log: Minute-by-Minute TV
E-Skip Log |
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TV Log: Day-by-Day TV Tropo Log |
TV Log: Day-by-Day TV E-Skip
Log |
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The Summer 2003
FM DX Guide / Additional Past Logs |
In the summer of 2003, a
digital log was kept of all stations received. Studies that summer
were based in Muskegon, concentrating on the forested areas north of the
city. However, the downside of the report was its organization. Organized by station as opposed to actual event, the log cannot be used to
establish any specific patterns of reception. Compounding this, the
logs were mostly taken inland instead of on the beach. This does not,
however, prove useless. Written logs show stations as logged by event,
much as they do in every year since 2002, but the logs cannot compare to the
sheer accuracy of the Grand Haven beach logs of 2006. The 2003 log is
provided to supplement the final log of 2006. The science of lake
inversions and their effect on communications signals was not fully
understood at the time of this log. |
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The Summer 2003 FM DX Guide: Download the full log
(67 pages / 702 kb) |
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All Stations: Muskegon,
Michigan |
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Appendix C: Unknown Stations |
Appendix A: Out-of-Area Logs |
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Appendix D: Local Stations
Index |
Appendix B: Other Logged Media |
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Appendix E: Regional DX Mileage
Chart |
Additional Past Logs: In addition to the 2003 log, the 20-page
2004 FM-AM-TV
Raw Data log is available for download, as well as the
2005 TV Es
Overview. On January 8, 2008, a winter Es event affected the FM and TV
bands in Southwestern Ontario, sending in almost 80 stations from Texas,
Oklahoma, and Arkansas.
See the log here.
Bandscans:
Burlington, Vt. August 18-19, 2007,
Niagara-on-the-Lake/Grimsby, Ont. September 30, 2007, and
Cheektowaga/Buffalo, NY April 2007 through April 2008 (plain
text version /
enhanced PDF version).
Memorable
Openings: Detailed
Lake Inversion Logs |
July 10, 2006: A major
cross-lake event produced a total of 185 stations between the lakeshore and
inland locations. Between Grand Haven, Muskegon, and Fremont, a record 37
stations were logged from the Chicago market, 24 from Milwaukee, 19 from South
Bend, 15 from Green Bay, 13 from Rockford, 7 from Madison, and 5 from Central
Wisconsin, in addition to stations up and down the Michigan shoreline as well. Inversion stations interfered with 25 local stations, while only 16 close-by
stations escaped without any interference. Conditions included clear skies
inland with haze and low cloud cover over the lake during the daytime hours,
then clouds advancing inland after sunset as a cold front pushed through with
northeast winds.
August 4, 2006: An
event rather similar to July 10th, this opening produced fewer stations but with
greater stability and intensity as logged from Grand Haven, Muskegon, and
Fremont. With air temperatures in the 90s and water temperatures at 80
degrees, this clear hot summer day created the perfect setup for lake inversion.
Temperatures quickly dropped into the mid-60s after sunset allowing a land
breeze to take hold and light clouds to develop over the lake. This did
not affect the inversion much though as some stations were even stronger at the
top of Five Mile Hill than at the beach. Overall, 31 Chicago area stations
were heard, 24 from Milwaukee, 14 from South Bend, 5 from Green Bay, 4 from
Madison, as well as stations from Kankakee, Lafayette, Iron Mountain, and
Wisconsin Rapids. The opening interfered with or silenced 28 local
stations, some being taken out by distant stations on neighbouring frequencies,
and a mere 6 close-by stations escaped interference altogether, although some
were significantly weakened.
Meteorological Data:
2003-2006 |
Grand Haven weather conditions were taken along the lakeshore 4 miles south of
the Grand Haven City Beach radio site. Weather data, most importantly the wind
direction and wind speed data, can be found below as recorded at this
private weather station. Data for all days included in the 2006 study is
provided. Days with notable cross-lake radio openings have an asterisk beside
them. For past events prior to 2006, see below.
For the best viewing
results: Close each pop-up window before opening a new one.
Past lake inversion events are available for review, which include conditions at
Muskegon County International Airport just inland and at Muskegon State Park, along the
shore. Provided by year are the lake breeze statistics for dates of major logged
cross-lake radio openings. The weather data shown closely coincides with the
notable increase in logged stations.
1 July 21 also produced a rare 335-mile isolated long-distance tropo
catch to Northern Ontario during a massive rainbow
2 August 6, with calm winds, produced an intense cross-lake tropo
event just hours after the lake breeze died down
2006 Lake
Inversion Logos: Local and Cross-Lake |
Included below are logos of over 160 stations that were part of the Summer 2006
lake inversion study in Grand Haven. Not all stations are represented
here, but the large majority of them are. Station call letters, cities of
license, and logos are those of 2006, not the present day.
For the best viewing
results: Close each pop-up window before opening a new one.
092.1 |
WEZY |
WI Racine |
View |
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100.1 |
WPJP |
WI Port Washington |
View |
092.1 |
WGHN |
MI Grand Haven |
View |
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100.1 |
WVIB |
MI Holton |
View |
092.3 |
WJPD |
MI Ishpeming |
View |
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100.3 |
WILV |
IL Chicago |
View |
092.3 |
WPWX |
IN Hammond |
View |
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100.3 |
WNCY |
WI Neenah-Menasha |
View |
092.5 |
WBWI |
WI West Bend |
View |
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100.5 |
WTRV |
MI Walker |
View |
092.5 |
WDEK |
IL DeKalb |
View |
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100.7 |
WBYT |
IN Elkhart |
View |
092.5 |
WLAW |
MI Newaygo |
View |
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100.7 |
WKKV |
WI Racine |
View |
092.7 |
WAUN |
WI Kewaunee |
View |
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100.7 |
WOBE |
MI Crystal Falls |
View |
092.7 |
WKIE |
IL Arlington Heights |
View |
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100.9 |
WWBR |
MI Big Rapids |
View |
092.7 |
WYVN |
MI Saugatuck |
View |
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101.1 |
WIXX |
WI Green Bay |
View |
092.9 |
WJZQ |
MI Cadillac |
View |
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101.1 |
WKQX |
IL Chicago |
View |
092.9 |
WNDV |
IN South Bend |
View |
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101.3 |
WBFX |
MI Grand Rapids |
View |
093.1 |
WIMK |
MI Iron Mountain |
View |
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101.5 |
WBNQ |
IL Bloomington |
View |
093.1 |
WXRT |
IL Chicago |
View |
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101.5 |
WIBA |
WI Madison |
View |
093.3 |
WJZI |
WI Milwaukee |
View |
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101.5 |
WJNR |
MI Iron Mountain |
View |
093.5 |
WOZZ |
WI New London |
View |
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101.5 |
WMTE |
MI Manistee |
View |
093.5 |
WVIX |
IL Joliet |
View |
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101.5 |
WNSN |
IN South Bend |
View |
093.7 |
WBCT |
MI Grand Rapids |
View |
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101.7 |
WMRR |
MI Muskegon Heights |
View |
093.7 |
WBFM |
WI Sheboygan |
View |
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101.9 |
WDEZ |
WI Wausau |
View |
093.7 |
WEKZ |
WI Monroe |
View |
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101.9 |
WTMX |
IL Skokie |
View |
093.9 |
WDOR |
WI Sturgeon Bay |
View |
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102.1 |
WLUM |
WI Milwaukee |
View |
094.1 |
WGFA |
IL Watseka |
View |
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102.3 |
WQTC |
WI Manitowoc |
View |
094.1 |
WJJO |
WI Watertown |
View |
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102.3 |
WXLC |
IL Waukegan |
View |
094.1 |
WWKR |
MI Hart |
View |
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102.3 |
WYBR |
MI Big Rapids |
View |
094.3 |
WFCX |
MI Leland |
View |
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102.3 |
WZOW |
IN New Carlisle |
View |
094.3 |
WJKL |
IL Elgin |
View |
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102.5 |
WCMM |
MI Gulliver |
View |
094.3 |
WROE |
WI Neenah-Menasha |
View |
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102.5 |
WNWC |
WI Madison |
View |
094.3 |
WZOC |
IN Plymouth |
View |
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102.7 |
WVAZ |
IL Oak Park |
View |
094.5 |
WKTI |
WI Milwaukee |
View |
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102.9 |
WHQG |
WI Milwaukee |
View |
094.5 |
WTNR |
MI Holland |
View |
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103.1 |
WHME |
IN South Bend |
View |
094.7 |
WZOR |
WI Mishicot |
View |
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103.1 |
WOGB |
WI Kaukauna |
View |
094.7 |
WZZN |
IL Chicago |
View |
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103.1 |
WVIV |
IL Highland Park |
View |
094.9 |
WCNF |
MI Benton Harbor |
View |
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103.3 |
WFXD |
MI Marquette |
View |
094.9 |
WOLX |
WI Baraboo |
View |
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103.3 |
WGLX |
WI Wisconsin Rapids |
View |
095.1 |
WIIL |
WI Kenosha |
View |
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103.5 |
WKSC |
IL Chicago |
View |
095.3 |
WGVU |
WI Whitehall |
View |
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103.5 |
WTCM |
MI Traverse City |
View |
095.5 |
WIFC |
WI Wausau |
View |
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103.7 |
WHIT |
MI Hartford |
View |
095.5 |
WJZJ |
MI Glen Arbor |
View |
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103.7 |
WXSS |
WI Wauwatosa |
View |
095.5 |
WNUA |
IL Chicago |
View |
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103.9 |
WRBR |
IN South Bend |
View |
095.7 |
WLHT |
MI Grand Rapids |
View |
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103.9 |
WVBO |
WI Winneconne |
View |
095.7 |
WRIT |
WI Milwaukee |
View |
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103.9 |
WWYW |
IL Dundee |
View |
095.9 |
WERV |
IL Aurora |
View |
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103.9 |
WXRD |
IN Crown Point |
View |
095.9 |
WKSZ |
WI De Pere |
View |
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104.1 |
WVGR |
MI Grand Rapids |
View |
096.1 |
WLKG |
WI Lake Geneva |
View |
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104.1 |
WZEE |
WI Madison |
View |
096.1 |
WMAX |
MI Holland |
View |
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104.3 |
WJMK |
IL Chicago |
View |
096.3 |
WBBM |
IL Chicago |
View |
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104.5 |
WSNX |
MI Muskegon |
View |
096.3 |
WMAD |
WI Sauk City |
View |
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104.5 |
WXER |
WI Plymouth |
View |
096.5 |
WAZY |
IN Lafayette |
View |
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104.7 |
WDDW |
WI Sturtevant |
View |
096.7 |
WCOE |
IN La Porte |
View |
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104.7 |
WFRN |
IN Elkhart |
View |
096.7 |
WLJY |
WI Whiting |
View |
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104.9 |
WPCK |
WI Denmark |
View |
096.7 |
WSSR |
IL Joliet |
View |
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104.9 |
WTKM |
WI Hartford |
View |
096.9 |
WLAV |
MI Grand Rapids |
View |
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104.9 |
WXRX |
IL Belvidere |
View |
096.9 |
WWDV |
IL Zion |
View |
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105.1 |
WOJO |
IL Evanston |
View |
096.9 |
WWWX |
WI Oshkosh |
View |
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105.3 |
WFZH |
WI Mukwonago |
View |
097.1 |
WDRV |
IL Chicago |
View |
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105.3 |
WHTS |
MI Coopersville |
View |
097.1 |
WGLQ |
MI Escanaba |
View |
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105.5 |
WZSR |
IL Woodstock |
View |
097.3 |
WQBW |
WI Milwaukee |
View |
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105.7 |
WAPL |
WI Appleton |
View |
097.5 |
WEFG |
MI Whitehall |
View |
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105.7 |
WOOD |
MI Grand Rapids |
View |
097.5 |
WYTZ |
MI Bridgman |
View |
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105.9 |
WCKG |
IL Elmwood Park |
View |
097.5 |
WZOK |
IL Rockford |
View |
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105.9 |
WKHQ |
MI Charlevoix |
View |
097.7 |
WFDL |
WI Lomira |
View |
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106.1 |
WMIL |
WI Waukesha |
View |
097.7 |
WOZW |
IN Goshen |
View |
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106.3 |
WKLA |
MI Ludington |
View |
097.7 |
WSRG |
WI Sturgeon Bay |
View |
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106.3 |
WMXG |
MI Stephenson |
View |
097.9 |
WGRD |
MI Grand Rapids |
View |
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106.3 |
WSRB |
IL Lansing |
View |
097.9 |
WLUP |
IL Chicago |
View |
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106.3 |
WUBU |
IN South Bend |
View |
098.1 |
WGFN |
MI Glen Arbor |
View |
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106.3 |
WYRB |
IL Genoa |
View |
098.1 |
WLKN |
WI Cleveland |
View |
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106.5 |
WHBZ |
WI Sheboygan Falls |
View |
098.1 |
WMGN |
WI Madison |
View |
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106.5 |
WYTE |
WI Marshfield |
View |
098.3 |
WCSY |
MI South Haven |
View |
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106.7 |
WJLW |
WI Allouez |
View |
098.3 |
WJMR |
WI Menomonee Falls |
View |
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106.7 |
WPPN |
IL Des Plaines |
View |
098.3 |
WLCS |
MI North Muskegon |
View |
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106.9 |
WFMR |
WI Brookfield |
View |
098.5 |
WQLH |
WI Green Bay |
View |
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106.9 |
WMUS |
MI Muskegon |
View |
098.7 |
WFGR |
MI Grand Rapids |
View |
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107.1 |
WFON |
WI Fond du Lac |
View |
098.7 |
WFMT |
IL Chicago |
View |
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107.1 |
WIRX |
MI St. Joseph |
View |
098.9 |
W255AC |
WI Sheboygan |
View |
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107.1 |
WZVN |
IN Lowell |
View |
098.9 |
WKLZ |
MI Petoskey |
View |
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107.3 |
WKLQ |
MI Greenville |
View |
099.1 |
WMYX |
WI Milwaukee |
View |
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107.3 |
WRSW |
IN Warsaw |
View |
099.3 |
WJQK |
MI Zeeland |
View |
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107.3 |
WSJY |
WI Fort Atkinson |
View |
099.3 |
WOWN |
WI Shawano |
View |
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107.5 |
WCCW |
MI Traverse City |
View |
099.5 |
WPKR |
WI Omro |
View |
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107.5 |
WDUZ |
WI Brillion |
View |
099.5 |
WUSN |
IL Chicago |
View |
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107.5 |
WGCI |
IL Chicago |
View |
099.7 |
WZBY |
WI Sturgeon Bay |
View |
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107.9 |
WLEY |
IL Aurora |
View |
099.9 |
WHFB |
MI Benton Harbor |
View |
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107.9 |
WSHZ |
MI Muskegon |
View |
099.9 |
WRZA |
IL Forest Park |
View |
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Related
Resources and Articles |
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Resources and Articles |
Internet Resources
William Hepburn's Radio &
TV DX Information Centre
William Hepburn is a meteorologist as well as a DXer. His website is home
to the tropo maps using the Hepburn Tropo Index, which is widely used to predict
conditions most likely to produce long-distance tropospheric propagation.
Worldwide TV-FM DX Association
(WTFDA)
Formed in 1967, "the WTFDA is dedicated to the observation, study, and enjoyment
of long distance propagation of television, FM broadcast, and other signals in
the VHF-UHF range." Chris Kadlec is a member of this organization since
2005 and previously was the editor of the FM News column in the VHF-UHF Digest,
the group's monthly publication.
Mountain Lake VHF Propagation Map
These maps, simple experimental maps showing real-time VHF activity across North
America and the rest of the world, are among the most widely used to indicate
conditions ideal for E-Skip.
NOAA
Muskegon Real-Time Meteorological Observation Network
Current and archived weather data along the lakeshore from the Great Lakes
Environmental Research Laboratory in Muskegon is shown on this website, which
also displays multiple webcams along Lake Michigan. Water levels are also
included here as well as publications and more.
Great Lakes Surface
Water Temperatures
Michigan Sea Grant, a joint program of Michigan State the University and University
of Michigan, hosts a website of valuable Great Lakes information, including maps
of surface water temperatures down to a local level.
A
Lake and Land Breeze Primer, Dr. David Sills
Dr. Sills' report, the first chapter of his York University Ph.D. dissertation,
is a great resource to learn more about lake breezes and associated land breezes,
which are responsible for most radio and television signal behaviours along the
shorelines of the Great Lakes.
Surf Grand Haven,
the website of surfer and meteorologist Will Beaton, is a popular local
website that predicts weather especially for the lakeshore. Beaton's
home is virtually a weather station and home to a webcam that is broadcasted
on the website for the world to see. He is based a mere moment's walk away
from the Grand Haven beach radio site used in 2006. |
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Reference Articles
Lake Michigan Lake
Breezes: Climatology, Local Forcing, and Synoptic Environment (304 kb)
Laird, N.F., D.A.R. Kristovich, X.Z. Liang, R.W. Arritt, and K. Labas, 2001:
Lake Michigan Lake Breezes: Climatology, Local Forcing, and Synoptic
Environment. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 409424.
A Lake Breeze on the
Eastern Shore of Lake Michigan: Observations and Model (1.48 mb)
Moroz, W.J., 1967: A Lake Breeze on the Eastern Shore of Lake Michigan:
Observations and Model. J. Atmos. Sci., 24, 337355.
Real-Time Prediction of
the Lake Breeze on the Western Shore of Lake Michigan (272 kb)
Roebber, P.J., and M.G. Gehring, 2000: Real-Time Prediction of the Lake
Breeze on the Western Shore of Lake Michigan. Wea. Forecasting, 15, 298312.
Included below are photos from the DX sites of 2006. Captions are included
with the full-sized photos, while the site location can be found by hovering
your mouse over each thumbnail photo. Sites include:
Grand Haven (Grand Haven Beach, Five Mile Hill, Inland Grand Haven),
Muskegon (Pere Marquette Beach, Kruse Park Beach, and Inland Muskegon),
Fremont (Inland), and Silver Lake (Silver Lake Beach, and Inland
Silver Lake). All photos were taken by Chris Kadlec.
For the best viewing
results: Close each pop-up window before opening a new one.
Thanks for the assistance with this project: DXers Roy
Barstow, Saul Chernos, Glenn Hauser, Michael Procop, John
Rieger, Michael Temme-Soifer, Roger Winsor, Paul LaFreniere, Jacob Norlund, Bil-Mar Restaurant owner Howard
Meyer; and meteorologists Linda Paige, Will Beaton, Dr. David Sills, and DXing
meteorologist William Hepburn.
This page is Copyright 1999-2008
Chris Kadlec. Please do not repost this information in any form without
the express written consent of the author.
URL: http://www.beaglebass.com/dx/dx_radio.htm |